URGENT ACTION

GRAVE EXECUTION RISK FOR YOUTH WITH DISABILITY 
Mohammad Ghobadlou is at grave risk of execution in connection with Iran’s nationwide protests amid a spike in executions since late April. Mohammad Ghobadlou received two death sentences after grossly unfair sham trials marred by torture-tainted “confessions” and failure to order rigorous mental health assessments despite his mental disability. In late May 2023, his lawyer revealed that the Supreme Court had rejected a request for judicial review of one his death sentences, raising fears that his execution could be carried out imminently. 

TAKE ACTION: WRITE AN APPEAL IN YOUR OWN WORDS OR USE THIS MODEL LETTER

Head of judiciary, Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei
c/o Embassy of Iran to the European Union, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt No. 15, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium

Dear Mr Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei,

Mohammad Ghobadlou, a 22-year-old with a long-term mental disability, is at grave risk of execution in Raja’i Shahr prison in Karaj, Alborz province. On 23 May, Mohammad Ghobadlou’s lawyer publicly revealed that Branch One of the Supreme Court had rejected a request for judicial review of the death sentence for “murder”, which was issued by Criminal Court One in Tehran province on 24 December 2022 and upheld by the Supreme Court in late April. The lawyer noted that the Supreme Court failed to consider objections raised, including related to Mohammad Ghobadlou’s mental health. His second death sentence, imposed by a Revolutionary Court for “corruption on earth” on 16 November 2022, was upheld by the Supreme Court on 24 December 2022; a request for judicial review remains pending. Mohammad Ghobadlou received these two death sentences in relation to an official’s death which authorities allege resulted from Mohammad Ghobadlou running over him with a car during a protest in Robat Karim, Tehran province, on 22 September 2022. 

Mohammad Ghobadlou’s right to a fair trial was flagrantly violated. According to information obtained by Amnesty International, authorities denied him access to a lawyer during the investigation phase, subjected him to repeatedly beatings and withheld his bipolar medication to force his “confession” that he deliberately ran over several officials with a car to cause death. A forensic report dated 20 October 2022 confirms that in custody, he sustained bruising and injuries on his body. He was denied an independently chosen lawyer at the Revolutionary Court trial, which consisted of two brief sessions on 29 October and 15 November 2022. The authorities held Mohammad Ghobadlou in solitary confinement between the sessions, denied him access to his family and lawyers, and continued to withhold his medication, which exacerbated his vulnerability. The Criminal Court One trial also consisted of two brief sessions on 4 and 10 December 2022, where Mohammad Ghobadlou was denied the right to an adequate defence as his independently chosen lawyer was denied access to material evidence. Another serious violation was the failure to order independent rigorous mental health assessments which his family and lawyer say would have provided evidence that his disability substantially impaired his responsibility. International law and standards prohibit the use of the death penalty against people with mental disabilities. 

Immediately quash the convictions and death sentences of Mohammad Ghobadlou and grant him a fair retrial without recourse to the death penalty, consistent with international law and standards prohibiting the use of the death penalty on people with mental disabilities, excluding coerced “confessions”, and providing him with all special needs relating to his disability. I urge you to ensure that he has prompt and appropriate mental health treatment and regular access to his family and lawyer. An independent and impartial investigation into his allegations of torture and other ill-treatment must be conducted and all those suspected of criminal responsibility must be held accountable. In addition, immediately establish an official moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty.

Yours sincerely,
Additional information
Mohammad Ghobadlou was under the supervision of a psychiatric hospital for bipolar disorder since the age of 15. Amnesty International learned that during the two months leading to the incident and his arrest on 22 September 2022, he had stopped taking his medication leading to distress and extreme mood episodes. Following his arrest, he was held for several days at a Public Security Police of the Law Enforcement Command (police-e amniat) detention centre, where, according to information gathered by Amnesty International, he was severely beaten. Amnesty International learned that after repeated beatings and promises by interrogators to release him and facilitate his departure from Iran, he was forced to “confess” and read a pre-typed statement in front of a video camera. He spent the rest of the investigation stage, lasting until late October 2022, at the Greater Tehran Central Penitentiary. During this period, he was taken several times to the lead investigator of Branch 1 of the Office of the Prosecutor in Robat Karim for questioning. During each transfer, he said officials tied his hands and feet together, pushed him under the rear seat of a car and beat him. 
 
Mohammad Ghobadlou was denied his bipolar medication from arrest until after his first trial session on 29 October 2022. This abusive practice, which violates the absolution prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment, led to a deterioration in his mental health. On 1 November 2022, in a public video, his mother said authorities had barred her son from receiving visits, were holding him in solitary confinement and denying him medication. The authorities subsequently transferred him from the Greater Tehran Central Penitentiary to Rajai’ Shahr prison. There, they provided him with his medication, but also placed him in solitary confinement until a few days before his second trial session on 15 November. Amnesty International reviewed two official letters, dated 11 and 15 October 2022, sent by senior prison officials at the Greater Tehran Central Penitentiary to the prosecution authorities, warning about his mental health and calling for his release on medical grounds. The documents bear the official stamp of the lead investigator of Branch 1 of the Office of the Prosecutor in Robat Karim which confirm he received the warnings. Despite this, the investigator failed to ensure that Mohammad Ghobadlou receive his medication or order a detailed mental health assessment. He was brought before a psychiatrist working for the Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, the state forensic institute operating under the judiciary, once about two weeks after his arrest. The psychiatrist was not provided with background information on his mental health or medical records. Without conducting a detailed assessment and after general questions about the events of 22 September, the psychiatrist stated Mohammad Ghobadlou acted in a purposeful manner and fully appreciated the nature of his conduct. The psychiatrist testified to this effect before Criminal Court One in Tehran province on 10 December. However, on 29 December 2022, the psychiatrist effectively retracted his earlier position and joined dozens of psychiatrists in an open letter to the head of judiciary urging a committee of distinguished psychiatrists examines Mohammad Ghobadlou’s mental health and assesses its impact on his capacity to exercise judgement. International standards require that defendants in capital cases have access to independent and rigorous mental health assessments at intervals throughout the entire criminal justice process. They further require that as soon as mental disabilities are diagnosed, prisoners are provided with prompt and appropriate treatment and support and protected against the imposition of the death penalty. According to the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, denial of access to individual support and reasonable accommodation constitutes discrimination. 
Mohammad Ghobadlou’s lawyer stated publicly that he was denied access to material evidence, including the CCTV footage of the incident on 22 September and photographs depicting the injuries sustained by the deceased at time of the incident or his body after death. The lawyer also stated that this lack of transparency, together with glaring discrepancies between police reports prepared shortly after the incident and subsequent allegations by the prosecution authorities about the nature of injuries sustained by the deceased, raises serious doubts as to whether his client’s conduct was a substantial cause of death. In opposing the death penalty, Amnesty International does not minimize or condone violent crimes. Families who have lost their loves ones to violent crimes have a right to see the person responsible held to account in a fair trial without resort to the death penalty. The death penalty is pre-mediated, vengeful state-sanctioned killing of human beings, not justice. It brutalizes the society and devalues over time the worth that society places upon human life. Amnesty International opposes the death penalty without exception, regardless of the nature of the crime or the characteristics of the offender. 

Since late April 2023, the Iranian authorities have embarked on an alarming execution spree of scores of people, intensifying their use the death penalty as a tool of repression in an attempt to instil fear into the population and crush ongoing acts of resistance against the authorities and establishment. To date, Iranian authorities have arbitrarily executed seven people in relation to the popular uprising, including five individuals in 2023.
PREFERRED LANGUAGE TO ADDRESS TARGET: Persian, English 
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PLEASE TAKE ACTION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE UNTIL: 11 August 2023
Please check with the Amnesty office in your country if you wish to send appeals after the deadline.

NAME AND PREFFERED PRONOUN: Mohammad Ghobadlou (him/his)

LINK TO PREVIOUS UA: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/6368/2023/en/ 
Additional TARGETS

Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
16 Prince’s Gate SW7 1PT
Fax: 020 7589 4440
iranemb.lon@mfa.gov.ir