URGENT ACTION

JOURNALIST PROSECUTED BY A MILITARY COURT 
On 11 June 2022, two police officers in plainclothes arrested journalist Salah Attia. His arrest stems from a declaration he made on Al Jazeera TV the day before in which he mentioned that the army had refused presidential orders to shutter the headquarters of the Tunisian General Labor Union. Salah Attia is currently detained in Mornaguia prison in Tunis pending further investigation. He is the second journalist and the 12th civilian at least to be prosecuted by the military court since President Kais Saied’s power grab. Amnesty International calls for his immediate release. We also call on the authorities to limit the use of military courts only to try military personnel for breaches of military discipline.

TAKE ACTION: WRITE AN APPEAL IN YOUR OWN WORDS OR USE THIS MODEL LETTER

President of the Republic Kais Saied
Route de la Goulette, 
Site archéologique de Carthage, Tunisie
 Email: contact@carthage.tn 
Twitter: @TnPresidency

Your Excellency,

I write to you to express my grave concern over the prosecution of journalist Salah Attia by the Military Court
of First Instance in Tunis as his prosecution stems from the peaceful exercise of his right to freedom of expression. Moreover, under international human rights conventions which Tunisia has ratified, civilians should never be prosecuted before military courts. 

On the evening of 10 June 2022, Salah Attia appeared remotely on Al Jazeera TV where he sometimes appears as a political analyst on Tunisia. In his remarks he states that President Saied asked the army to enforce the closure of the office of the Tunisian General Labor Union (Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens - UGTT), but that the army had refused and had subsequently informed the UGTT of the order. Salah Attia also said that, in addition, President Saied had asked the army to impose house arrest on a number of political leaders - whom Attia did not name - and that the army had refused this request as well.

On 11 June, UGTT issued a press release to deny the journalist's claims. Salah Attia is charged with "inciting people to take up arms against one another, and causing disorder, murder, and plunder on Tunisian territory". , accusing public officials without proof of illegal acts, denigrating the army, as well as “intentionally harming others or disturbing their peace through telecommunication networks”, under article 72 of the Penal Code which carries the death penalty, article 128 of the Penal Code, Article 91 of the Military Code of Justice and Article 86 of the Telecommunications Code, respectively. Salah Attia is set to appear for audience before an investigative judge at the military court on 7 July according to his lawyer Samir Dilou.  

Salah Attia's prosecution by a military court violates Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Tunisia has ratified. That article guarantees the right to “a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law.” His prosecution also undermines his rights to freedom of expression as it is based on his remarks on Al Jazeera which are protected speech under international law. 

I urge you to immediately release Salah Attia and drop all charges against him as they stem solely from the exercise of his right to freedom of expression. I also call on the Tunisian authorities to end entirely the practice of prosecuting civilians before military courts.

Yours sincerely,

Additional information

Salah Attia is a journalist, he is the founder and editor in chief of the online Arabic news outlet Al Ray Al Jadid (the new opinion). The website publishes Tunisian and international news. From time to time, Salah Attia is interviewed by other media as a political analyst on Tunisia.  
On the evening of 11 June, police officers in civilians' clothes went to Salah Attia's home in Hay Ettahrir in Tunis where they found his wife and two of his three children. The officers wanted to search the house despite not showing a warrant, but Salah Attia's wife refused according to his daughter Sondes Attia who was not present but shared with Amnesty International what her family told her. The officers asked to speak to Salah Attia on the phone who told them his location in a café in the Ibn Khaldun neighbourhood. Police went to the café and arrested Salah Attia.
Police officers escorted Salah Attia to his home where he changed clothes and then took him away in their car to the military facility of El Aouina for interrogation. They questioned him on the source of his claims about the army as well as his purpose in going public with the story. 
After questioning him on the evening of 11 June, police officers transported Salah Attia to Bouchoucha, a detention facility in Tunis, pending his appearance before a military court on Monday 13 June. The investigation against Salah Attia was opened by the Military Court of First Instance, Tunis, one of his lawyers, Samir Dilou, told Amnesty International. 
On 13 June, police brought Salah Attia for a hearing before an investigative judge at the Military Court of First Instance, Tunis. One of his lawyers, Malek Ben Amor, told Amnesty International that the investigation is based solely on his remarks on Al Jazeera TV on 10 June. The investigative judge asked Salah Attia to name his source, but he refused, according to the same lawyer, who attended the hearing.  
Amnesty International documented an alarming pattern since President Saied’s power grab on 25 July 2021 of recourse to the military justice system to prosecute civilians, including journalists, parliamentarians, a lawyer and a social media user.
Tunisia’s military courts do not fulfil the requirement of independence because the president has final say over the appointment of judges and prosecutors to military courts. In addition, both the general prosecutor who heads the military justice system, as well as all prosecutors in the military courts, who play a pivotal role in initiating proceedings, are serving members of the military and subject to military disciplinary procedures. This places them under the influence of the executive branch, since the president is also commander-in-chief of the armed forces under Tunisia’s constitution.
Under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to which Tunisia is a state party, everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes “freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds.” The UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression considered that “Custodial sentences for defamation are not justifiable; all laws that provide for criminal penalties for defamation should be abolished and replaced, if necessary, by appropriate civil defamation laws.” The UN Human Rights Committee, the treaty body that is an authoritative interpreter of state duties under the ICCPR, considered that it is not legitimate for states “…to suppress or withhold from the public information of legitimate public interest that does not harm national security or to prosecute journalists, researchers, environmental activists, human rights defenders, or others, for having disseminated such information….”
In addition, in his April 20, 2010 report, the UN special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, stated:
[C]riminal defamation laws may not be used to protect abstract or subjective notions or concepts, such as the State, national symbols, national identity, cultures, schools of thought, religions, ideologies or political doctrines

PREFERRED LANGUAGE TO ADDRESS TARGET: Arabic, French and English
You can also write in your own language.

PLEASE TAKE ACTION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE UNTIL: 1 October 2022 
Please check with the Amnesty office in your country if you wish to send appeals after the deadline.

NAME AND PRONOUN: Salah Attia (He/Him)

Additional TARGETS
Minister of Justice
Leila Jaffel
Email address: info@e-justice.tn
Fax: +216 71 568 106
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ministere.justice.tunisie

Minister of Defence
Imed Memmich
Email address: defcab@defense.tn
Fax: +216 71 561 804
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/defense.tn

Mr Nabil Ben Khedher  
Embassy of Tunisia
29 Prince’s Gate SW7 1QG
Fax 020 7584 3205
London@tunisianembassy.co.uk